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Pollenia rudis
''Pollenia rudis'', the common cluster fly, is a species of fly in the family Calliphoridae.〔Capinera, John; Heath, Allen. “Cluster Fly, ''Pollenia rudis'' (Fabricius) and P. pseudorudis Rognes (Diptera: Calliphoridae) ” Encyclopedia of Entomology: Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008. pg 932-935〕 ''Pollenia rudis'' is also known as the attic fly,〔Ridge, Gale E. "Cluster Flies ''Pollenia rudis'' (Fabricius) The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station 2007-04-06 http://www.ct.gov/CAES/cwp/view.asp?a=2815&q=376718 Retrieved on 2009-03-17.〕〔"Cluster Flies" Cornell Cooperative Extension Nassau County 2003-01 http://www.ccenassau.org/hort/fact_sheets/b207_cluster_flies_jan03.pdf Retrieved on 2009-03-17.〕〔 the loft fly,〔 ''pollenie du lombric'' (),〔"''Pollenia rudis'' (Fabricius, 1794" ITIS Report 2003 http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=151647 Retrieved on 2009-03-17.〕 and the buckwheat fly.〔〔Lyon, William F. "Cluster and Face Flies" Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2110.html Retrieved on 2009-03-17.〕 During the autumn and winter months, ''Pollenia rudis'' can be found overwintering inside of attics or lofts. This sluggish species can be found “clustering” near the interior windows of a warm structure.〔〔Howard, Leland O. “An Account of its Dangerous Activities and the Means of Destroying it” The House Fly – Disease Carrier, 1911. pg 236-240.〕〔
This species is widely distributed throughout the United States, Canada, and Europe and is considered a pest species in structures.〔 ''P. rudis'' can be found wherever their host earthworm, the ''Allolobophora''〔〔〔〔"Cluster Fly" Varment Guard 2007 http://www.varmentguard.com/pestlibrary/CLUSTER%20FLY.pdf Retrieved on 2009-03-17.〕 genera (also known by the genus name: Aporrectodea), occurs. These earthworms are typically located in well-drained, silt-loam soil with grass cover.〔〔Dille, James F.; Kirby, Clay A. "Cluster Flies" The University of Maine Pest Management 2008-19-08http://pmo.umext.maine.edu/factsht/cluster.htm Retrieved on 2009-03-17.〕 During the summer, ''P. rudis'' can be found in fields and open areas.〔 It is only when there is a sudden drop in temperature〔 that the cluster fly shifts to the interior of structures, holes in trees, loose bark, or other crevices and cavities.〔
==History==
The common name "cluster fly" was derived from the clustering behavior in adults of this species in attics and lofts.〔 The common name, "buckwheat fly", is derived from the odor of buckwheat honey the species gives off when they are crushed.〔〔〔Alm, Steven R. "Cluster Fly" University of Rhode Island GreenShare Factsheets 1999 http://www.uri.edu/ce/factsheets/prints/clusterfly.html Retrieved on 2009-03-17.〕 ''Pollenia rudis'' was first documented by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1794. At the time, Fabricius listed the genera and species as ''Musca rudis''.〔〔〔Lintner, J. A. “Pollenia rudis (Fabr.). The Cluster Fly.” Ninth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York For the Year 1892, 1893. pg 309-314.〕 This taxonomy was changed in 1830 by André Jean Baptiste Robineau-Desvoidy to ''Pollenia rudis''.〔Rognes, Knut. “The Taxonomy of the Pollenia rudis species-group in the Holarctic Region (Diptera: Calliphoridae) ” Systematic Entomology, 1987. Vol. 12, pg 475-502.〕〔〔Riley, C. V. “The ‘Cluster Fly’” American Naturalist, January 1883. Vol. CVII No. 1, pg 82-83.〕 The change of genus to ''Pollenia'' (suggested by the pollen of flowers) occurred for Muscids having, among other features, the thorax covered with "down-like clothing".〔 ''P. rudis'' has also been previously described under the name of ''Musca familiaris'' in 1869 by Dr. T.W. Harris.〔〔〔
The cluster fly is a European species〔 and the date of its introduction into the United States is not known.〔〔 This species gained particular attention in the United States when Dr. W. H. Dall, of the Smithsonian Institution, published an article in the Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum for 1882. Dr. Dall secured specimens of ''P. rudis'' for identification. Dr. Dall also documented the species appearance in Geneva, NY thirty years prior to his publication.〔〔 ''P. rudis'' may have been introduced to the United States upon slow sailing vessels in the cooler months of the year that traveled from Europe.〔 This is possible due to the hibernation behaviors of the adult cluster flies to seek shelter for overwintering. The species also could have been transported to North America in the ballast of ships containing soil and the cluster fly host, earthworms.〔Jacobs, Steven B. "Cluster Flies" Penn State Entomological Notes 2003-03 http://www.ento.psu.edu/Extension/factsheets/clusterflies.htm Retrieved on 2009-03-17.〕
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